Understanding Statistics Of Gender And Racial Differences

Understanding statistics of gender and racial differences in advertising Jean Roxanne Santa Cruz University of Houston- Downtown Introduction Statistics is important in understanding the information and communicating findings to one another (Healey, 2015). I never paid much attention to statistics before because math has always been my least favorite subject. I was very hesitant in taking this course but many people assured me that I could succeed and that statistics is far more interesting than any mathematical course I will ever take. Statistics is so relevant; the more I am noticing it because of knowledge I have obtained from this course. For example, the article I will be discussing defines the differences of gender and race within advertising (Plous Neptune, 1997). Statistics can be used to analyze the amount of advertisements printed, the different gender and race of models, the year and percentage amount of gender and race bias occurs, the percentages of the exposure different gender and race models etc. I can’t say that I completely understand statistics but I very much enjoyed this course and when I read statistical information, I at least can analyze the information given rather than just passing off random numbers. We often need a strong proof and thoughtfully analyzed data to build and enhance our theory and understanding of something, which is what statistics provides to make sense of the data (Healey, 2015). Statistical differencesShow MoreRelatedRacial Discrimination On Minority Groups1498 Words   |  6 Pagesas racial differences, gay, lesbians, transgender, and the disabled people, we will be able to understand the role these groups of people play in our society. 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Cell Phone Before and After Free Essays

Long time ago, a boy who named Irena and his mother lived in a beautiful village. Irena was 17 years old and his appearance was thought as the gift from the God as he had both gold eyes and hairs that shine like the sunlights. He was curious about the nature and has the potential and perservance to . We will write a custom essay sample on Cell Phone Before and After or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition, is mother flawless face is very small and beautiful with delicate features, and it glows with a soft light from within, like moon. They had a happy family. One day, Irena finished his work and came back to home, and then he found nobody (verb) in the village that was fired. He hide behind the tree, he saw a few man that dressed in black clothes. He was wondering what happened to the village and how could this happen. he was breathing like rest. He did not dare to move, he can only silently look at it. Suddenly he was discovered by a black dress person. (what does this mean? The person stands for what? ) Then many black men run to him and they yelled:†Catch him! Catch him! † Irena heared this voice and run away, he has been running forward, suddenly he stepped on slippery, unexpectedly(what) has reached the edge of the cliff. (what kind of situation? How could the situation be dangerous for him? )situation extremely anxious, he wanted to even death cannot fall to the hands of men, after he jumped off the cliff, the back of the black dress person to see him so fierce, incredibly jumped off the cliff, they would not be chasing him, thought he must be dead. he will never see his mother, but he did not think of another branch saved his life is a tree, when he woke up; he found out himself was in a village. Early in the morning, it woke up from sleep, â€Å"I am not dead! Where is this place? † Irena whispered. At this time an old man went into the room, and the old man said,† you wake up, young man. † He promised to said,† Is you saved me? † The old man said,† yes, you are really have high Crawford . from the high cliff fell off and you are not dead. † The old man asked,† where were you live? † Irena replied:† I live in a small village with my mother. However, when I came home yesterday, I found that caught on fire in the village, and people in the village was gone, I only saw many men( what kind of men and why are those men important)in there, I do not know what they plot. † The old man said:† It was a cult of people, they work for the dragon, the dragon eats one hundred people each year, the black dress person is responsible for the tag, and then offering to the dragon. † Irena said:† these people are really sucks, my mother must be caught by them. † The old man asked:† Do you want to save your mother? † Irena said:† Of course, my mother and I live together since I was a child, she is my only living relative. † The old man asked:† If you want to save your mother, you should follow me to practice fight skill, ()Zas long as you learn to fight skill, you can save your mother, the Irena firmly answer well. Days passed, one day, the old man said the child, â€Å"I had taught all skills for you, the rest will be on your own, before you go, I have something to give you, it is great help to you, after a while, they walked into the house, the old man took out a piece of black cloth wrapped together. † Old man said:†this is a hero to stay on a knife, the hero with the knife to kill the dragon; I believe it will bring you help. † Irena tools the knife and saw a golden light point blank the sky. Early the next morning, Irena went on a journey to save his mother, Irena walked for a half month, he arrived the place that is the dragon lived in. The dragon lived in a cave, Irena went into the cave, and he saw dark inside and felt a little bit cold across from ear. He walks for a long time, finally he saw the dragon, and it is sleeping. A large cage near the dragon, many people were in this cage and his mother also on here. He used knife break the lock, and put out the people. When he saw the dragon, he was stunned. Dragon has long body covered by a scaly skin. They also had a pair of bat like wings, wedge shaped head and long powerful necks. How to cite Cell Phone Before and After, Papers

Linearity of Calibration Curves

Question: Describe about the Linearity of Calibration Curves? Answer: Construction of calibration curve The claibration stndards, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 g/mL were used to construct the calibration curve. The results reveal that the high correlation coefficient (0.9996) value indicating the linearity1 of the curve across the concentrations employed (Table-1). Therefore the calibration parameters can be used for the calculation of drug concentrations from the samples collected during dissolution study. Table-1: Ansorbance and calibration parmeters Conc (mcg/mL) Mean Absorbance (n=3) 0 0 25 0.034 50 0.06 100 0.137 150 0.205 200 0.27 250 0.346 Correlation coefficient 0.99955 Slope 0.00139 Intercept -0.004 Data processing The absorbance values are subjected for determination of amount dissolved at timet using the equation-1. The concentrations o obtained are further multiplied by 1000, volume of dissolution media. The dissolution values at time t are corrected using the equation-2 and are shown in Table-2. Amount dissolved= (Absorbance-Intercept)/Slope-----------------1 Amount at time t= (Cn x 1000) + (Cn-1 x 10)--------------2 The data (Table-2) indicates that there exists a variation in the dissolution as it was evidenced from standard deviation values Table-2: Mean dissolutions of immediate and modified release tablets Time (Min) Immediate release Modified release Mean (mg) SD Mean (mg) SD 5 53.4 26.79 43.0 19.00 10 176.5 41.32 28.3 2.30 15 247.2 13.10 29.5 3.17 20 254.3 6.70 28.1 1.41 25 291.6 61.81 34.6 3.90 30 240.7 2.20 33.1 0.69 40 232.4 42.97 39.0 4.05 50 259.0 10.25 48.4 4.65 60 250.2 6.15 52.2 1.62 75 58.1 3.43 90 69.5 6.30 105 77.7 6.97 120 95.3 19.01 Fig-1: Comparison of dissolution profile of Ibuprofen from immediate and modified release Tablets The data so obtained is subjected for the modeling using the following equations3-6 Zero Order kinetics2,3 W0-Wt=K0t---------3 First order kinetics4 Log Wt = log W0 + K1t/2.303--------------------4 Higuchi model5,6 Wt=KHt1/2------------------5 HixsonCrowell model7,8 W01/3 Wt1/3 = Kst ------------6 Where W0 is the amount of drug present in pharmaceutical dosage9 or the initial amount of drug in solution (it is usually zero); Wt is the amount of drug released at time t; K0,K1, KH and Ks are release rate constants respectively in Zero order, First order, Higuchi and Hixson-Crowell models. The dissolution data was fitted into respective mathematical equation to calculate the correlation coefficient and release rate constants. The results are shown in Table-3. Table-3: Release kinetics of modified release tablets Kinetic model Correlation coefficient Release rate constant Mean SD Mean SD Zero Order 0.916 0.0670 0.828 0.047 First Order 0.848 0.1116 0.015 0.001 Higuchi square root law 0.732 0.1901 7.405 0.396 Hixon-Crowell cube root law 0.870 0.1009 0.004 0.000 Determination of time to release 70% and 90% drug release Based on the release kinetics, the modified release formulations appear to follow Zero order kinetics as it was evidenced from the correlation coefficients. The formulation showed high correlation coefficient indicates that formulations are following zero order release kinetics. Accordingly the equation-3 is modified in order to determine the time required to calculate the 70% and 90% drug. Wt=W0+K0t--------------------7 Since the drug release at time 0 is zero. Hence the equation can be rearranged to Wt=K0t t=Wt/K0 Accordingly the time required to release 70% (equal to 140 mg of the dose) and 90% (equal to 180 mg of dose) are calculated as follows t70 = 140/0.828 = 169.1 min t90 = 180/0.828 = 217.4 min Conclusions The calculations are performed and the dissolution profiles are compared. Modified release formulations are following zero order release kinetics. The time required to release 70% and 90% drug from modified release tablets respectively is 169.1 and 217.4 min References Joris, V., E, Marc., C, Christophe and B, Hedwig, Linearity of calibration curves: use and misuse of the correlation coefficient Accred Qual Assur Vol, 7, 2002, p. 281285 Varelas, CG., DG, Dixon, and C, Steiner, Zero-order release from biphasic polymer hydrogels Control. Release Vol, 34, 1995, p. 185192. Suvakanta, , PN, Murthy., L, Nath and P, Chowdhury, Kinetic modeling on drug release from controlled drug delivery systems Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica Drug Research, Vol. 67, 2010, no. 3, p. 217-223 Mulye, NV and SJ, Turco, SJ, A simple model based on first order kinetics to explain release of highly water soluble drugs from porous dicalcium phosphate dihydrate matrices, Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. Vol. 21, 1995, p. 943953 Desai, SJ., P, Singh., AP, Simonelli and WI, Higuchi, Investigation of factors influencing release of solid drug dispersed in inert matrices. IV. Some studies involving the polyvinyl chloride matrix Pharm. Sci. Vol, 55, 1966, p. 12351239. Higuchi, WI, Analysis of data on the medicament release from ointments. Pharm. Sci. Vol, 51, 1962, p. 802804. Hixson, AW and JH, Crowell, Dependence of reaction velocity upon surface and agitation Eng. Chem. Vol, 23, 1931, p. 923931. Niebergall, PJ., G, Milosovich and JE, Goyan, Dissolution rate studies. II. Dissolution of particles under conditions of rapid agitation Pharm. Sci. Vol, 52, 1963, p. 236241. Costa, P and JM, Sousa., Modeling and comparison of dissolution profiles Eur J Pharm Sci. Vol. 13, 2001, no. 2, p. 123-33.