Toddler Observation Interview

Toddler Observation Interview After spending 60 minutes observing a toddler room in Ciudad Child Care Centre in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico the following observations were made on the children. Individual differences Some children were afraid to communicate with others while others did communicate freely. Most boys were reserved whereas girls communicated more easily and frequently. However, boys were more aggressive when it came to playing ball, riding tricycles, and climbing sandboxes. The girls enjoyed swinging and playing ball. Types of plays observed Sensory motor plays Some 2-3 year old kids could compete in running, other could be seen kicking and throwing the ball overhead. Majority seemed excited to pedal tricycles, swinging and climbing sandboxes, yet other were hopping and jumping around the play ground. Some of them crowded around a music system and danced as some tried to sing along. However, a few of them seemed to be withdrawn and uninterested with everything. Symbolic plays Some children were seen with bottle tops and plastic containers giving their friends urging them to take as milk along with blocks of wood to eat as bread. The recipients took and acted as though they were really eating. There was this group of children where one of them assumed a doctors role and was holding a piece of stick which he used as the syringe. The other kids acted as patients and would come one by one and be injected by the â€Å"doctor.† Another group took there toy cars to a â€Å"garage† where there was a group of mechanics. Initiative plays These involved children using their imaginative abilities and skills to come up with something creative. Some children were able to construct a vehicle by arranging boxes on top of others using varied box sizes. Others could be seen preoccupied with the building of block towers. The â€Å"mine† phenomenon among toddlers Most toddlers appeared to be very self-centered and displayed a strong possessiveness with objects and toys, claiming them to be theirs. They could be heard crying, â€Å"mine†, â€Å"my car†, â€Å"my baby†, etc† every time he/she saw other kids with their toys or toys which were identical to theirs. At times they would utter a bitter â€Å"no† to others if their friends requested to use their toys. On the other hand some of the children who were using toys belonging to others would respond with the same cry and did everything to ensure that they retained the toys to themselves. Majority of children tended to be more violent and some even bit the owners of the toys, pinched them or even poked their nose or eyes. In case the owners of toys were overcome, they would cry out for help from the caregiver. The caregiver seemed to be aware of every conflict and in this case she took all the toys away and she introduced some songs of which the children sang and danced together. In the processes the animosity which had built among the kids over the toys subsided. However, some children showed sympathy and were willing to let others using their toys as long as those lend to would return after some time or whenever the owner wanted. Empathy and Prosocial behavior Some children were seen taking side with those who seemed rejected or withdrawn and would offer to play with them or even share with them their toys and other objects. They would offer protection to their weaker friends. There was this incident when a 1 ½ year old was snatched her toy by an aggressive 2 ½ year boy. Another 3 year boy went straight to the other boy and grabbed the toy from him and gave it back to the little girl. This second boy and the little girl stayed together for the rest of the session playing together. Self-control There are those children who tried to exercise self-control whereas others were totally unable. Majority exercised restraint for a few seconds when their toys or objects were handed over to other to use. However much the caregiver would persuade them to let others use their toys they found it not easy to take back their toys/objects. The most aggressive toddlers would not accept any form of persuasion and would take what belongs to them by force. Most breakdown in the control of impulse seemed to be aggravated by the feeling of possessiveness and selfishness. INTERVIEW WITH THE PARENTS OF TODDLERS The interview with the parents of older toddlers (aged between 2 and 3), on the reflection of the differences between their child as an infant and a toddler involved asking them the following questions to which they responded accordingly as indicated below: In general, how is he/she different at age 2, compared with age 69 months? Responses: the child had increased in weight and height, he/she can walk, they run, kick and throw a ball, he/she can speak, can ride a tricycle, construct block towers, bully others, there is decreased appetite, etc. How has your relationship with him/her changed during the past 1-1  ½ years? Response: He/she wants to be independent at times but would still need parental care just as a baby. He/she seems very excited being in the company of the age-mates. He/she is very close to the mother than the father and would easily detect the absence of the mother. He/she is somehow obedient to what the parent says but at times reacts in defiance. What do you recall about him/her during the 3-4 months immediately after he/she learned to walk? Response: He/she would occasionally pick up objects, carry them or throw them away and then run after them and move around pulling a toy behind him/her. He/she is all over the house, running and jumping in places, climbing up and down the furniture, bed and stairs. How has his/her ability to communicate changed? How has her new ability to understand and use words changed your relationship? Response: He/she is able to communicate most of the things and easily follows instruction. It is very easier if the child is sick where he/she is feeling pain, he/she can say when he/she hungry or can express his demands more easily. The child would try singing to the parent or would request the parent to sing him/her a song. Do you find it easier or harder (or perhaps some of each) to parent a toddler, compared with an infant? Response: It a bit easier to parent a toddler especially the one who can communicate in word other than an infant who communicate through crying. Communicating in words is easier to comprehend as contrasted to a cry which could imply anything ranging from hunger, pain, change of diaper, or sickness. References: Ariganjoye, R. Daigneault, R. (2008). Early Childhood Development. Retrieved April 2008, from Your Totalhealth-A service of NBC and iVillage. Web site: http://yourtotalhealth.ivillage.com/early-childhood-development.html?pageNum=8 Rose, D. A. D Kovach, B. A. (1998). Interaction that Promote Socialization. Retrieved April 2008, from Childhood Education..

Accrual And Cash Accounting Essay

These are two methods of keeping track of income and expenses in a business, (accrual and cash accounting). Accrual and cash accounting difference is in when a sale and purchase are credited and debited to the account. The cash method is when cash is received, and the expense is when it is paid. An example is when I am contracted to paint a room, which will be completed within a couple of hours, the client pays me. After completing the job my client pays me with cash or check. Therefore, it is considered cash accounting and recorded as so. Cash accounting tracks the cash flow but does not track revenue. With accrual accounting, all transactions are recorded if cash is received or not. Most companies use accrual accounting on a weekly basis to monitor cash flow to ensure they have enough cash on hand for the business to operate. Accrual accounting transactions are, the day they of service. For an example, with my business there are some jobs that I and will be completed, but not paid until later. When it’s a company, their contracts are paid on a monthly basis. For a company these are considered the companies account payable, that arpaid monthly. As for me these are accrual accounts, but arerecorded. â€Å"The cash and accrual methods can produce the same,† www.inc.com/articles/2000/04/19194 Cash and accrual accounts can have no difference if all transactions are paid in cash when completed no matter what methods are . Accrual accounting shows the income and debts in partial of a business and cash accounting only shows the cash flow. Each method used together will give a more accurate picture of the company business. References: www.inc.com/articles/2000/04/19194.html, Cash vs. Accrual Accounting/Bookkeeping Articles www.dummies.com, Deciding between Cash-Basis and Accrual Accounting-For Dummies

A Brief History of the Tower of London

If you watch a British entertainer on their home soil make a joke about the Royal Family, youll probably see them follow it up with a quip like oh, they’ll take me to the Tower! They dont need to say which tower. Everyone growing up in the mainstreams of British culture hears about The Tower, a building as famous and central to the national myths of England as the White House is to the myths of the United States. Built on the north bank of the River Thames in London and once a home of royalty, a jail for prisoners, a site for executions and a storehouse for an army, the Tower of London now contains the Crown Jewels, guardians nicknamed Beefeaters (they arent keen on the name) and legend securing ravens. Dont be confused by the name: the Tower of London is actually a huge castle-complex formed by centuries of addition and alteration. Described simply, the nine hundred-year-old White Tower forms a core surrounded, in concentric squares, by two sets of powerful walls. Studded with towers and bastions, these walls enclose two inner areas called wards that are full of smaller buildings. This is the story of its origins, creation and the near continual development which has kept it at the center of an, albeit changing, national focus for nearly a millenia, a rich and bloody history that easily attracts over two million visitors every year. Origins of the Tower of London While the Tower of London as we know it was built in the eleventh century, the history of fortification on the site stretches back into Roman times, when stone and wooden structures were built and marshland reclaimed from the Thames. A massive wall was created for defence, and this anchored the later Tower. However, the Roman fortifications declined after the Romans left England. Many Roman structures had their stones robbed away for use in later buildings (finding these Roman remains in other structures is a good source of evidence and very rewarding), and what remained in London was likely foundations. Williams Stronghold When William I successfully conquered England in 1066 he ordered the construction of a castle in London, using the site of the old Roman fortifications as a base. In 1077 he added to this stronghold by ordering the construction of a huge tower, the Tower of London itself. William died before it was completed in 1100. William needed a large tower partly for protection: he was an invader attempting to take over a whole kingdom, one which needed pacification before it would accept him and his children. While London seems to have been made safe quite quickly, William had to engage in a campaign of destruction in the north, the Harrying, to secure that. However, the Tower was useful in a second way: the projection of royal power wasnt just about walls to hide in, it was about showing status, wealth and strength, and a large stone structure that dominated its surroundings did just that. The Tower of London as Royal Castle Over the next few centuries monarchs added ever more fortifications, including walls, halls and other towers, to an increasingly complex structure which became referred to as The Tower of London. The central tower became known as the ‘White Tower’ after it was whitewashed. On the one hand, every successive monarch needed to build here to demonstrate their own wealth and ambition. On the other hand, several monarchs had need to shelter behind these imposing walls due to conflicts with their rivals (sometimes their own siblings), so the castle remained nationally important and a military keystone in controlling England. From Royalty to Artillery During the Tudor period the use of the Tower began to change, with visits from the monarch declining, but with many important prisoners held there and an increase in the use of the complex as a storehouse for the nation’s artillery. The number of major modifications began to decline, although some were spurred on by fire and naval threats, until changes in warfare meant the Tower became less important as an artillery base. It wasnt that the Tower was any less formidable to the type of people it had been built to defend, but that gunpowder and artillery meant its walls were now vulnerable to new technology, and defences had to take markedly different forms. Most castles suffered a decline in military importance, and instead transformed into new uses. But monarchs were looking for different sorts of accommodation now, palaces, not cold, draughty castles, so visits fell. Prisoners, however, did not require luxury. The Tower of London as National Treasure As the military and government use of the Tower declined, parts were opened up to the general public, until the Tower evolved into the landmark it is today, welcoming over two million visitors annually. Ive been myself, and its a striking place to spend time and muse on the history its seen. It can get crowded though! More on the Tower of London The Tower of London Ravens: Ravens are kept at the Tower of London, in part to fulfill the demands of an old superstition†¦ this article explains why.The Beefeaters / Yeoman Warders: The Tower of London is guarded by people called Yeoman Warders, but they’re better known by a nickname: the Beefeaters. Visitors to the Tower should keep an eye out for, what by modern standards, are their unusual uniforms.

Value Of Project Management And Management - 2226 Words

VALUE OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT A SURVEY ON PM PRACTICES ON IT/TELECOM SECTOR Companies these days are turning to project management to consistently deliver business results and to stay ahead of the pack in today’s competitive and chaotic global economy. Project Management is in fact elaborated as project, program and portfolio management. More companies these days clearly sees the payoff from investing time, money and resources to build organizational project management expertise which ultimately benefits the company with greater efficiencies, improved customer and stakeholder satisfaction and greater competitive advantage. A survey by consulting giant McKinsey Co. found that nearly 60 percent of senior executives said building a strong project management disciple is a top-three priority for their companies as they look to the future. 1. WHY PROJECT MANAGEMENT MATTERS: Prominent organizations across sectors have been steadily embracing project management as a way to control spending and improving project success. Under economic crisis, executives of various organizations have discovered that adhering to project management strategies have reduced risks, cut costs and improved success rates. Companies are also discovering that as their PM strategies matures, the business values derived from it also increases. So ultimately to increase these business values, executives at many global organizations are creating formal project management offices as well. This also givesShow MoreRelatedA Project On Value Management Essay1031 Words   |  5 Pages The project is an 8 month project. The status is being taken after 4 months, thus the project should be 50% complete. According to the project plan, the project is 45% complete. 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Understanding Statistics Of Gender And Racial Differences

Understanding statistics of gender and racial differences in advertising Jean Roxanne Santa Cruz University of Houston- Downtown Introduction Statistics is important in understanding the information and communicating findings to one another (Healey, 2015). I never paid much attention to statistics before because math has always been my least favorite subject. I was very hesitant in taking this course but many people assured me that I could succeed and that statistics is far more interesting than any mathematical course I will ever take. Statistics is so relevant; the more I am noticing it because of knowledge I have obtained from this course. For example, the article I will be discussing defines the differences of gender and race within advertising (Plous Neptune, 1997). 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Cell Phone Before and After Free Essays

Long time ago, a boy who named Irena and his mother lived in a beautiful village. Irena was 17 years old and his appearance was thought as the gift from the God as he had both gold eyes and hairs that shine like the sunlights. He was curious about the nature and has the potential and perservance to . We will write a custom essay sample on Cell Phone Before and After or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition, is mother flawless face is very small and beautiful with delicate features, and it glows with a soft light from within, like moon. They had a happy family. One day, Irena finished his work and came back to home, and then he found nobody (verb) in the village that was fired. He hide behind the tree, he saw a few man that dressed in black clothes. He was wondering what happened to the village and how could this happen. he was breathing like rest. He did not dare to move, he can only silently look at it. Suddenly he was discovered by a black dress person. (what does this mean? The person stands for what? ) Then many black men run to him and they yelled:†Catch him! Catch him! † Irena heared this voice and run away, he has been running forward, suddenly he stepped on slippery, unexpectedly(what) has reached the edge of the cliff. (what kind of situation? How could the situation be dangerous for him? )situation extremely anxious, he wanted to even death cannot fall to the hands of men, after he jumped off the cliff, the back of the black dress person to see him so fierce, incredibly jumped off the cliff, they would not be chasing him, thought he must be dead. he will never see his mother, but he did not think of another branch saved his life is a tree, when he woke up; he found out himself was in a village. Early in the morning, it woke up from sleep, â€Å"I am not dead! Where is this place? † Irena whispered. At this time an old man went into the room, and the old man said,† you wake up, young man. † He promised to said,† Is you saved me? † The old man said,† yes, you are really have high Crawford . from the high cliff fell off and you are not dead. † The old man asked,† where were you live? † Irena replied:† I live in a small village with my mother. However, when I came home yesterday, I found that caught on fire in the village, and people in the village was gone, I only saw many men( what kind of men and why are those men important)in there, I do not know what they plot. † The old man said:† It was a cult of people, they work for the dragon, the dragon eats one hundred people each year, the black dress person is responsible for the tag, and then offering to the dragon. † Irena said:† these people are really sucks, my mother must be caught by them. † The old man asked:† Do you want to save your mother? † Irena said:† Of course, my mother and I live together since I was a child, she is my only living relative. † The old man asked:† If you want to save your mother, you should follow me to practice fight skill, ()Zas long as you learn to fight skill, you can save your mother, the Irena firmly answer well. Days passed, one day, the old man said the child, â€Å"I had taught all skills for you, the rest will be on your own, before you go, I have something to give you, it is great help to you, after a while, they walked into the house, the old man took out a piece of black cloth wrapped together. † Old man said:†this is a hero to stay on a knife, the hero with the knife to kill the dragon; I believe it will bring you help. † Irena tools the knife and saw a golden light point blank the sky. Early the next morning, Irena went on a journey to save his mother, Irena walked for a half month, he arrived the place that is the dragon lived in. The dragon lived in a cave, Irena went into the cave, and he saw dark inside and felt a little bit cold across from ear. He walks for a long time, finally he saw the dragon, and it is sleeping. A large cage near the dragon, many people were in this cage and his mother also on here. He used knife break the lock, and put out the people. When he saw the dragon, he was stunned. Dragon has long body covered by a scaly skin. They also had a pair of bat like wings, wedge shaped head and long powerful necks. How to cite Cell Phone Before and After, Papers

Linearity of Calibration Curves

Question: Describe about the Linearity of Calibration Curves? Answer: Construction of calibration curve The claibration stndards, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 g/mL were used to construct the calibration curve. The results reveal that the high correlation coefficient (0.9996) value indicating the linearity1 of the curve across the concentrations employed (Table-1). Therefore the calibration parameters can be used for the calculation of drug concentrations from the samples collected during dissolution study. Table-1: Ansorbance and calibration parmeters Conc (mcg/mL) Mean Absorbance (n=3) 0 0 25 0.034 50 0.06 100 0.137 150 0.205 200 0.27 250 0.346 Correlation coefficient 0.99955 Slope 0.00139 Intercept -0.004 Data processing The absorbance values are subjected for determination of amount dissolved at timet using the equation-1. The concentrations o obtained are further multiplied by 1000, volume of dissolution media. The dissolution values at time t are corrected using the equation-2 and are shown in Table-2. Amount dissolved= (Absorbance-Intercept)/Slope-----------------1 Amount at time t= (Cn x 1000) + (Cn-1 x 10)--------------2 The data (Table-2) indicates that there exists a variation in the dissolution as it was evidenced from standard deviation values Table-2: Mean dissolutions of immediate and modified release tablets Time (Min) Immediate release Modified release Mean (mg) SD Mean (mg) SD 5 53.4 26.79 43.0 19.00 10 176.5 41.32 28.3 2.30 15 247.2 13.10 29.5 3.17 20 254.3 6.70 28.1 1.41 25 291.6 61.81 34.6 3.90 30 240.7 2.20 33.1 0.69 40 232.4 42.97 39.0 4.05 50 259.0 10.25 48.4 4.65 60 250.2 6.15 52.2 1.62 75 58.1 3.43 90 69.5 6.30 105 77.7 6.97 120 95.3 19.01 Fig-1: Comparison of dissolution profile of Ibuprofen from immediate and modified release Tablets The data so obtained is subjected for the modeling using the following equations3-6 Zero Order kinetics2,3 W0-Wt=K0t---------3 First order kinetics4 Log Wt = log W0 + K1t/2.303--------------------4 Higuchi model5,6 Wt=KHt1/2------------------5 HixsonCrowell model7,8 W01/3 Wt1/3 = Kst ------------6 Where W0 is the amount of drug present in pharmaceutical dosage9 or the initial amount of drug in solution (it is usually zero); Wt is the amount of drug released at time t; K0,K1, KH and Ks are release rate constants respectively in Zero order, First order, Higuchi and Hixson-Crowell models. The dissolution data was fitted into respective mathematical equation to calculate the correlation coefficient and release rate constants. The results are shown in Table-3. Table-3: Release kinetics of modified release tablets Kinetic model Correlation coefficient Release rate constant Mean SD Mean SD Zero Order 0.916 0.0670 0.828 0.047 First Order 0.848 0.1116 0.015 0.001 Higuchi square root law 0.732 0.1901 7.405 0.396 Hixon-Crowell cube root law 0.870 0.1009 0.004 0.000 Determination of time to release 70% and 90% drug release Based on the release kinetics, the modified release formulations appear to follow Zero order kinetics as it was evidenced from the correlation coefficients. The formulation showed high correlation coefficient indicates that formulations are following zero order release kinetics. Accordingly the equation-3 is modified in order to determine the time required to calculate the 70% and 90% drug. Wt=W0+K0t--------------------7 Since the drug release at time 0 is zero. Hence the equation can be rearranged to Wt=K0t t=Wt/K0 Accordingly the time required to release 70% (equal to 140 mg of the dose) and 90% (equal to 180 mg of dose) are calculated as follows t70 = 140/0.828 = 169.1 min t90 = 180/0.828 = 217.4 min Conclusions The calculations are performed and the dissolution profiles are compared. Modified release formulations are following zero order release kinetics. The time required to release 70% and 90% drug from modified release tablets respectively is 169.1 and 217.4 min References Joris, V., E, Marc., C, Christophe and B, Hedwig, Linearity of calibration curves: use and misuse of the correlation coefficient Accred Qual Assur Vol, 7, 2002, p. 281285 Varelas, CG., DG, Dixon, and C, Steiner, Zero-order release from biphasic polymer hydrogels Control. Release Vol, 34, 1995, p. 185192. 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